Luận án Better utilisation of manure in integrated pig-fish farming in Viengchang, Lao PDR

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CHAPTER 2
CURRENT STATUS OF PIG-FISH FARMING IN LOWLANDS
OF LAO PDR
ABSTRACT
The survey was focused on the most integrated pig-fish farming areas in two districts (Nasaythong and Saythani), in which 60 of 75 farms were selected to in-depth interview. The data were collected from the secondary information and primary data collect during the individual farmer interview using the questionnaire. And then the data were analysed by two models based on pig number per farm (3 types of farm size: small, medium and large) and pig manure nitrogen (3 categories: A - low, B - medium and C - high) directly released on the pond.
In the first model, the results showed that the average pig number in small (500 pigs) are 36±95.8; 319±100.5; and 1,278±105.9; respectively. Manure productions per farm in small, medium and large scale are 16.90±45.28; 150.49±47.49 and 603.75±50.05 tonnes/year, respectively. The manure was released directly in the fish pond or stored before being utilized. In the second model, it was found that manure was applied two times per month. The levels of manure nitrogen in 3 categories are 13±1.7; 24±1.8 and 67±2.2 g-N/m2, respectively. The fish cultured in the pond included four geneses (Tilapia ssp; Silver barp; Chinese carp; and Indian carp) with 8 ±1.02 months. The fish yield in 3 categories are higher in A (2,365±165.4) than in B (1,993±172.9) and C (1,400±220.4). Estimated income for small, medium and large scale 19,0; 56,0 and 33% of the investment, respectively. 
Keywords: manure nitrogen, pig-fish farming, survey, Tilapia
INTRODUCTION
The integrated system has better energy efficiency, is more sustainable and is less stressful on the environment in comparison with separated production subsystems (Ortega, 2004). The technique (integrated pig-fish farming) should be promoted to improve the present level of farm production in rural areas and in developing countries where fish remains as a major commodity for local consumption (Haobijam, 2018). Commercial livestock raising is increasingly becoming a cost-intensive and low-profit-oriented farming practice, primarily due to an increase in the involvement of high cost of animal feed. In the integrated system, this can be compensated by raising a fish crop utilizing the animal waste and thereby generating additional revenue (Bhattacharjya, 2017). The integrated pig-fish farming system from wastes of the pig manure was used as fertilizer in the natural pond for fish growth. This greatly reduced the cost of fish production in the pond, therefore increasing the profitability of the integrated pig-fish farming system (Keshab Barman, 2016). Integrated pig-fish farming is considered better as compared to other livestock integrated systems. Pig manure can either be used directly or partially decomposed before application in the fish pond as pig manure restrain about 70% digestible matter for fish besides, left-over pig fed serves as direct food. Pig manure was enhanced fertilized for planktons and as fish fed (Kujur et al., 2005; Kumar and Mishra, 2015). The integrating fish with livestock is the availability of a large number of nutrients (N-P-K), with possible proportions of 72-79% nitrogen, 61-87% phosphorus, and 82-92% potassium, as a fertilizer in the fish pond to produce plankton of high-protein natural food of fish. There was demonstrated that fish production can be applied when the manures are properly applied to fish on culture systems (Shoko, 2011). Integrated fish farming seems to be favour antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the pond environment. This could attribute to the selective pressure of antimicrobials in the pond environment and/or to the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animal manure and potential risks to human health (Petersen, 2002). However, the bacterial and eukaryotic microbial compositions of fish ponds are influenced by specific livestock manure more sensitively and responsively. Animal manure used as fertilizer induces a primarily prebiotic effect on the pond ecosystem rather than a direct probiotic effect on fish (Minich, 2018). 
Objectives
To understand the existing integrated pig-fish farming systems in lowlands;
To evaluate the pig manure excretion and agriculture by-products for fish culture. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area and farm selection 
	The survey on the integrated pig-fish farming system was carried out in Vientiane Capital (Figure 1). Study areas were Nasaythong and Saythani districts, which are about 30 km far from the center. A total number of 60 farms out of 70 farms were selected to conduct the in-depth interviews. 
Figure 1. Study site
Precedes farms . The 09 districts in the selected Vientiane Capital were selected based on the relative importance of integrated pig-fish in their agricultural sectors, according to secondary data from DLF/PAFO/DAFO. 
This criterion was defined in integrated pig-fish (pig house and fish pond area/total agricultural land area) and pig production, fish culture, density	
The 02 districts selected from 09 districts kept using a production scale, in the integrated pig-fish farming system. The decision was based on consultation with local experts with regards to the prevalence of farmers and environmental challenges of raising from in integrated pig-fish. 
The interview was implemented individually using the questionnaire designed the issues of pig production, fish culture, productivity, waste management, problems and benefits of raising pigs and fish. This information was then reviewed from the District of Agriculture and Forestry, considering the number of farms and their vicinity. 
Data collection
Feeding systems of the efficiency feed (Homemade/commercial)
Farm models managements system (farms scale, number of pigs, level of nitrogen produced and applies to fish ponds, pond areas, fish yield)
Manure management: how does pig manure use in farm and estimation of total nitrogen in manure on each farm-scale (directly/stored in the pond)
Data management and statistical analyses 	
All of the data was managed and analysed in the worksheet of Microsoft Excel (2010). Two models 
Model 1: farm scales 

Model 2: nitrogen levels applied in the 
pond g N/m2 pond 
Small with 500 pigs
 C: >45 
The data on pig number, manure produced, pond areas, fish yield and the quality of nitrogen loading into the fish pond were analysed by the general linear model in the ANOVA program of the Minitab software version 16 (2010). The differences between means were analyzed by Tukey method with the confident interval 95%. 
analysis
The data were entered into a spreadsheet and analyzed
using PASW Statistics 18 (2009) for descriptive analysis
of means, medians and ranges, frequency of distribution,
and variation. The growth rate and reproductive perfor-
mance were analyzed statistically by variance analysis
(ANOVA) using the general linear model procedure of
Minitab Statistical Software (Minitab 2007). When the
differences between means were significant at the proba-
bility level of p<0.05, the means were compared using
Tukey’s pair-wise comparison test.
RESULTS	
Pig-fish production systems
Analysis as farm scale 	
	In 60 surveyed farms, pig-fish farming systems were found. However, there are different scales in term of farm scale (number of pig per farm, pond area). Number of pigs per farm ranged 10 to 1,500 animals, and pond area of 150-2,300 m2. In each farm, piggery and pond are close and some farms have fruit garden with small size. Data in Table 1 show that pigs in small scale were mainly fed by local feedstuff (photo 1), and in medium and large scale used commercial feed (33.33%; 30%, respectively).
Photo 1: Homemade (Local feed)
	
Data in Table 1 also indicate that manure managements in different farm scales are significant. In small scale, farmers applied fresh manure directly to fish pond and cultivation (crop and fruit tree). It was estimated 37% of surveyed farms. In the medium scale, farmers stored manure for some time before applying to fish pond (33% of surveyed farms), and the same way for large scale (7%). In the large scale, farmers stored manure and applied in the pond, crops and fruit tree (23% of surveyed farms). 


Photo 2: Manure utilized fish pond directly


Photo 3. Crops and fruit cultivation in pig-fish farms (banana, mango, coconut, and lemon
Table 1. Pig feeding model and manure management in integrated pig-fish farm of (%)
Details
Farm model 1
Small
Medium
Large
Number of farms
22
20
18
Feeding:



Commercial feed
-
33.33
30.00
Local feed (homemade)
36.67
-
-
Manure management:



Fish pond+ crop and fruit tree
37.00
-
-
Stored + fish pond
-
33.00
7.00
Stored +fish pond + crop, fruit tree and other
-
-
25.00
Remarks: (Small scale farm number of pig 500).



Photo 4: Small scale farm
Photo 5: Medium scale farm
Photo 6: Large scale farm
	
Data in Table 2 indicate number of pig per farm, manure production and nitrogen produced per ha of land. Obviously, pig number per farm are significantly different in three farm scales (P<0,001) (Chakrabarti,