Luận án Cassava by-product as potential feed source for yellow cattle in Lao PDR

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CHAPTER 2
CASSAVA PULP IN OPEN PIT AS POTENTIAL FEED FOR FATTENING CATTLE IN LAO PDR
ABSTRACT 
This research study was evaluated the potential of feeding value of the cassava pulp to local yellow cattle. In the chapter was divided in 2 parts the first part was studied in laboratory (In vitro gas technique). The second part was studied with cattle. Eight local "Yellow" cattle (range 78 to 108 kg) were allocated according to live weight to two groups each of four animals. They were fed a basal diet of ad libitum ensiled cassava pulp enriched with urea at the rate of 3% of the cassava pulp dry matter (DM). Fresh brewer’s grains were used as a source of "bypass" protein. Rice straw was given as a source of “roughage”. A sulphur-rich mineral mixture was provided ad libitum. The urea was dissolved in water and sprayed on the cassava pulp. Brewers’ grains and rice straw were offered separately.
The result were showed that the upper 50 cm had rotted due to exposure to air and rain, but samples from 0.5 to 7m revealed that these were satisfactorily ensiled with pH values in the range 3.2 to 3.5.  Gas production and DM mineralization values after 24h incubation of the sample taken at 2.5m depth indicated that the pulp was only slightly inferior (<9%) to fresh cassava root as an energy feed resource for ruminants and was indicated that the 0.66 kg/day average growth rates over the 4 months of fattening, with a DM feed conversion of 6.67, confirmed that ensiled cassava pulp could be the basis of a successful diet for the intensive fattening of local "Yellow" cattle in Lao PDR. 
Key words: brewer's grains, cassava pulp, cattle feed, gas production, pH, methane, 
INTRODUCTION
The Lao-Indochina Cassava Factory at Nashaw village, Pakngum District, Vientiane Capital, processes up to 100.000 tons per year of cassava roots into starch for export. During the 6-7 month harvest season from October to March-April (the dry season in Lao PDR) this amounts to 480 tons of roots daily. The byproduct remaining after starch extraction, known as cassava pulp, represents from 10 to 15% of the original weight of fresh roots (Sriroth et al 2000). Over the past 4 years, very little of the cassava pulp was bought by farmers and almost all of it had been stored in a pit adjacent to the factory, which had not been covered or protected in any way. 
As the first step in a study to evaluate the potential feeding value of the stored pulp, the site was visited on July 10, 2014. As the pit was not covered, the upper surface of the stored material had rotted due to accumulation of rain falling during the wet season. However, a sample taken at a depth from the surface of 50 cm was perfectly ensiled with a pH of 3.5. 
The cassava pulp is composed almost completely of non-structural carbohydrate, 65% of which is starch according to Sriroth et al (2000), and is very low in crude protein (less than 3% in the dry matter) and in minerals. To take advantage of the high carbohydrate content of cassava pulp it should be supplemented with: 
Fermentable nitrogen that will produce the ammonia needed to optimize the growth of the microbes in the rumen 
Protein that will by-pass the rumen to complement that produced by the rumen microbes 
A source of fiber that will act as the support structure for the formation of biofilms (Leng, 2014) which is where rumen microbes and their required nutrients come together to optimize the digestive process in the rumen 
The cheapest source of ammonia for rumen microbes is urea, which is produced and used as fertilizer. One of the best sources of "bypass" protein is brewers’ grains (Promkot and Wanapat 2003), a by-product from the beer factory. An excellent source of fiber is rice straw, most of which is presently burned, adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and thus contributing to global warming. Minerals are required only in small quantities (1-2% of the feed), and are available locally or can be imported. Sulfur is important as a component of the process of detoxification of HCN to thiocyanate.
It was hypothesized that 1) the range of depth of pit will affect DM, pH, chemical composition 2) cassava pulp can be replace cassava root for energy source for ruminants. 3) cassava pulp-urea can basal diet for fattening cattle in Lao PDR.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Testing the pH, dry matter and nutritive value content 
The cassava pulp sampling was collected at the cassava factory from Lao-Indochina Group Public Company at Nashaw village, Pakngum District, Vientiane Capital, taken over the pit was at a depth of 0.5 to 7.0 m. Further tests were done on 16th of July 2014 taking consecutive samples as far as to the bottom of the pit using a 10cm diameter PVC tube 8m long, collected in 5 points of open pit. 
Figure.1. cassava pulp sampling points were taken 5 points, 4 for the corner and 1 for middle 
In vitro gas and methane production 
A sample of the cassava pulp was taken at 2.5m depth to determine in vitro gas production according to the method developed. The sample had a pH of 3.5. In the in vitro test it was compared with fresh whole cassava root. Urea and cassava leaf meal were added to both substrates (Table 1). There were two replicates of each of the treatments (cassava root and cassava pulp).
Fresh cassava root was purchased from the market and chopped into small pieces around 1-2 cm of length, then ground (1mm sieve) by machine. The cassava leaf was collected in the farm of Souphanouvong University; Luang Prabang and chopped into small pieces around 1-2 cm, then dried in an oven at 60°C for 24h and ground (1mm sieve) by machine.
Table 1. Proportions of the substrates in the in vitro incubation

Cassava root
Cassava pulp
Fresh cassava root
67.0

Cassava pulp

67
Urea
3.01
3.01
Cassava leaf meal
30.0
30.0
Total
100
100
1 Davis, Durwood 1959
Representative samples of the substrates (12 g DM) were put in each incubation bottle, after which were added 960 ml of buffer solution (Table 2) and 240 ml of rumen fluid (obtained from a recently slaughtered buffalo in the local abattoir), prior to filling each bottle with carbon dioxide. The bottles were incubated at 38ºC in a water bath for 24h. 
Table 2. Ingredients of the buffer solution 
Ingredients
CaCl2
NaHPO4.12H2O
NaCl
KCl
MgSO4.7H2O
NaHCO3
Cysteine
(g/liter)
0.04
9.30
0.47
0.57
0.12
9.80
0.25
Tilly and Terry (1963)
The gas volume was recorded over intervals of 0-6hours, 6-12hours and12-24hours after incubation. The methane concentration in the gas collected over each interval was measured with a Crowcon infra-red analyser (Crowcon Instruments Ltd, UK). At the end of the incubation, the remaining substrate was filtered through cloth and the solid residue dried at 100C to determine the DM digested.
Feeding trail 
Eight local "Yellow" cattle (range 78 to 108 kg) were allocated according to live weight to two groups each of four animals. They were fed a basal diet of ad libitum cassava pulp enriched with urea at the rate of 3% (DM basis). The experiment was done in the dry season (February -June 2015), 121 days. Fresh Brewer’s grains were used as an alternative source of "bypass" protein (Promkot and Wanapat 2003). Rice straw was given as a source of “roughage” to stimulate rumen function.  A sulphur-rich mineral mixture (50% common salt, 25% dicalium phosphate, 20% clacium carbonate, 5% sulphur) was provided ad libitum. The urea was dissolved in water and sprayed on the cassava pulp. Brewers’ grains and rice straw were offered separately. 
 Table 3. Composition of the diet fed to the Yellow cattle 
Ingredient
Fresh kg/day 
Ratio in 
100 kg fresh
Ratio in 100 kg DM
Cassava pulp 
10
66.09
54.2
Urea 
0.07
0.46
1.7
Fresh brewers’ grains 
4
26.24
21.7
Rice straw 
1
6.61
21.0
Minerals# 
0.06
0.40
1.4
These quantities were provided on the basis of 100 kg live weight. They were increased proportionately as the animals increased in weight 
#50% common salt, 25% dicalium phosphate, 20% clacium carbonate, 5% sulphur

Animal test 
The cattle were weighed before morning feeding at the beginning of the trial and every 14 days.